为了识别动态网络中嵌入的系统（模块），必须制定一个多输入估计问题，该问题需要测量某些节点并将其作为预测输入。但是，由于传感器选择和放置问题，在许多实际情况下，其中一些节点可能无法测量。这可能会导致目标模块的偏差估计。此外，与多输入结构相关的识别问题可能需要确定实验者不特别感兴趣的大量参数，并且在大型网络中的计算复杂性增加。在本文中，我们通过使用数据增强策略来解决这些问题，该策略使我们能够重建缺失的节点测量并提高估计目标模块的准确性。为此，我们使用基于正规化的基于内核的方法和近似推理方法开发了系统识别方法。为感兴趣的模块保留一个参数模型，我们将其他模块作为高斯过程（GP）建模，并用所谓的稳定样条核给出的内核。经验贝叶斯（EB）方法用于估计目标模块的参数。相关的优化问题是使用预期最大化（EM）方法来解决的，在该方法中，我们采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛（MCMC）技术来重建未知的缺失节点信息和网络动力学。动态网络示例上的数值模拟说明了开发方法的电势。

动态网络的识别方法通常需要先前的网络和干扰拓扑的知识，并且通常依赖于解决可扩展的不可达到的非凸优化问题。虽然在文献中可获得用于估计网络拓扑的方法，但是估计干扰拓扑的缺少的注意力不太注意，即扰动信号的过滤的白噪声表示中的（空间）噪声相关结构和噪声等级。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种动态网络的识别方法，其中干扰拓扑的估计在具有已知网络拓扑的全动态网络的识别之前。为此，我们扩展了多步顺序线性回归和加权空隙空间拟合方法来处理降低的排名噪声，并使用这些方法在完全测量情况下估计干扰拓扑和网络动态。结果，我们提供了一种具有并行计算能力的多步骤最小二乘算法，并且仅依赖于显式分析解决方案，从而避免涉及通常的非凸的优化。因此，我们始终如一地估算了箱子詹金斯模型结构的动态网络，同时保持计算负担低。我们提供了一种一致性证据，包括基于路径的数据信息性条件，用于在实验设计中分配激励信号。在具有减少的排名噪声的动态网络上执行的数值模拟清楚地说明了这种方法的潜力。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

可靠性的关键问题是电路设计师的巨大关注之一。驱动力是晶体管老化，取决于操作电压和工作负载。在设计时，很难估算在终生期间保持衰老效果的近距离护罩。这是因为铸造厂不共享其基于物理的校准模型，该模型由高度机密的技术和材料参数组成。但是，对降解的不受监控但必要的高估相当于绩效下降，这是可以预防的。此外，这些基于物理学的模型在计算方面非常复杂。在设计时间为数百万个单个晶体管建模的成本显然是过高的。我们提出了经过培训的机器学习模型的革命前景，以复制基于物理的模型，以免披露机密参数。出于设计优化的目的，电路设计人员可以完全访问这种有效的解决方法。我们证明了模型通过对一个电路的数据进行训练并将其成功应用于基准电路的能力。平均相对误差高达1.7％，速度高达20倍。电路设计师有史以来首次可以易于使用高精度老化模型，这对于有效的设计至关重要。这项工作是跨越铸造厂和电路设计师之间宽阔鸿沟的方向的一个有希望的步骤。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

超越地球轨道的人类空间勘探将涉及大量距离和持续时间的任务。为了有效减轻无数空间健康危害，数据和空间健康系统的范式转移是实现地球独立性的，而不是Earth-Reliance所必需的。有希望在生物学和健康的人工智能和机器学习领域的发展可以解决这些需求。我们提出了一个适当的自主和智能精密空间健康系统，可以监控，汇总和评估生物医学状态;分析和预测个性化不良健康结果;适应并响应新累积的数据;并提供对其船员医务人员的个人深度空间机组人员和迭代决策支持的预防性，可操作和及时的见解。在这里，我们介绍了美国国家航空航天局组织的研讨会的建议摘要，以便在太空生物学和健康中未来的人工智能应用。在未来十年，生物监测技术，生物标志科学，航天器硬件，智能软件和简化的数据管理必须成熟，并编织成精确的空间健康系统，以使人类在深空中茁壮成长。

空间生物学研究旨在了解太空飞行对生物的根本影响，制定支持深度空间探索的基础知识，最终生物工程航天器和栖息地稳定植物，农作物，微生物，动物和人类的生态系统，为持续的多行星寿命稳定。要提高这些目标，该领域利用了来自星空和地下模拟研究的实验，平台，数据和模型生物。由于研究扩展到低地球轨道之外，实验和平台必须是最大自主，光，敏捷和智能化，以加快知识发现。在这里，我们介绍了由美国国家航空航天局的人工智能，机器学习和建模应用程序组织的研讨会的建议摘要，这些应用程序为这些空间生物学挑战提供了关键解决方案。在未来十年中，将人工智能融入太空生物学领域将深化天空效应的生物学理解，促进预测性建模和分析，支持最大自主和可重复的实验，并有效地管理星载数据和元数据，所有目标使生活能够在深空中茁壮成长。

Learning goal-directed behavior in environments with sparse feedback is a major challenge for reinforcement learning algorithms. The primary difficulty arises due to insufficient exploration, resulting in an agent being unable to learn robust value functions. Intrinsically motivated agents can explore new behavior for its own sake rather than to directly solve problems. Such intrinsic behaviors could eventually help the agent solve tasks posed by the environment. We present hierarchical-DQN (h-DQN), a framework to integrate hierarchical value functions, operating at different temporal scales, with intrinsically motivated deep reinforcement learning. A top-level value function learns a policy over intrinsic goals, and a lower-level function learns a policy over atomic actions to satisfy the given goals. h-DQN allows for flexible goal specifications, such as functions over entities and relations. This provides an efficient space for exploration in complicated environments. We demonstrate the strength of our approach on two problems with very sparse, delayed feedback: (1) a complex discrete stochastic decision process, and (2) the classic ATARI game 'Montezuma's Revenge'.

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

A Digital Twin (DT) is a simulation of a physical system that provides information to make decisions that add economic, social or commercial value. The behaviour of a physical system changes over time, a DT must therefore be continually updated with data from the physical systems to reflect its changing behaviour. For resource-constrained systems, updating a DT is non-trivial because of challenges such as on-board learning and the off-board data transfer. This paper presents a framework for updating data-driven DTs of resource-constrained systems geared towards system health monitoring. The proposed solution consists of: (1) an on-board system running a light-weight DT allowing the prioritisation and parsimonious transfer of data generated by the physical system; and (2) off-board robust updating of the DT and detection of anomalous behaviours. Two case studies are considered using a production gas turbine engine system to demonstrate the digital representation accuracy for real-world, time-varying physical systems.